Objective: It studies the influencing factors of optimal effort level and optimal incentive degree under the two behaviors of doctors in public hospitals, and puts forward effective suggestions for further improving and improving the incentive mechanism of public hospitals. Methods: Principal-agent mathematical model. Results: The doctor's effort level is negatively correlated with the doctor's effort cost, and positively correlated with the doctor's incentive coefficient. Doctors are more inclined to put their efforts on tasks with higher incentive coefficients. There is a positive correlation between the benefits and the effort cost of doctors, a positive correlation with the monitorability of behavior, and a negative correlation with the risk aversion of doctors. Conclusion: To improve the incentive mechanism of public hospitals, the key is to improve and strengthen the incentive mechanism of public hospitals, increase the emphasis on the social behavior of doctors, and strengthen the government's supervision of public hospitals.