Both in terms of scale and the number of patients served，the proportion of Chinese public hospitals is high. In order to better perform their functions，public hospitals need to have a continuous source of funds，reasonable liabilities structure and standardized liabilities management. Based on the data available in the 2019 Annual Report of National Health Finance，it describes and calculates the overall assets and liabilities of public hospitals in China，and discusses some problems existing in the liabilities management of public hospitals. The liabilities management of public hospitals is further optimized by strengthening the loan management of public hospitals，determining the reasonable account payable period，establishing the liabilities early warning mechanism，further standardizing and improving the statement data，strictly implementing the medical service and health planning，accurately formulating the government investment policy，establishing the field research mechanism and other measures.